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<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" width="100%" class="forumline"> <tr> <th class="thCornerL" width="22%" height="26">Autor</th> <th class="thCornerR">Wiadomość</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row1"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Ikari</b></span></td> <td class="row1" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Wto 1:56, 27 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-weight: bold">4 international crime <br /></span> <br /></span> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">drug trafficking </span>noun [uncountable] the buying and selling of illegal drugs; usually used to refer to large amounts of illegal drugs being sent fom one country to another: <br />• Drug trafficking has become an international big business. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">arms trafficking </span>noun [uncountable] the illegal buying and selling of military weapons <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">people smuggling</span> noun [uncountable] the crime of bringing people illegally into a country; used especially to refer to bringing people from poorer countries who want to come and live in richer countries <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">illegal immigrant</span> noun [countable] someone who comes to live in another country without official permission: <br />• Parliament approved stricter laws allowing the deportation of illegal immigrants. <br />illegal immigration noun [uncountable] <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">money laundering</span> noun [uncountable] the action of putting money which has been obtained illegally into legal businesses and bank accounts, so that you can hide it or use it: <br />• an international money laundering scheme</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row2"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Ikari</b></span></td> <td class="row2" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Wto 1:55, 27 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody"><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: red">3 human rights</span> <br /></span> <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">human rights</span> noun [plural] the basic rights of every person to be treated in a fair and equal way: <br />• Even if people are in prison, their basic human rights should be respected. <br />• allegations of human rights abuses <br />• The judge ruled that such an action would be a serious breach of human rights. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">civil liberties</span> noun [plural] the right of all citizens to be free to do whatever they want while respecting the rights of other people: <br />• There is a possibility of further disorder as more protest is aroused by the loss of civil liberties. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">freedom of speech</span> (also <span style="font-weight: bold">freedom of expression</span>) noun [uncountable] the legal right to say what you want: <br />• Freedom of speech was guaranteed in the constitution. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">liberalism</span> noun [uncountable] the belief that the political, social, and economic freedom of the individual is very important: <br />• The government has launched a fierce attack on social liberalism. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">inequality</span> noun [uncountable and countable] an unfair situation, in which some groups in society have more money, opportunities, power etc than others: <br />• Some people believe that education can play a large part in remedying social inequality. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">discrimination</span> noun [uncountable] the practice of treating one person or group differently from another in an unfair way: <br />• The Act prohibits discrimination on the grounds of race, colour or nationality. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">racism</span> noun [uncountable] unfair treatment of people, or violence against them, because they belong to a different race: <br />• She feels that there is more racism in big cities. <br />racist noun [countable] <br />racist adjective: <br />• racist jokes <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">sexism</span> noun [uncountable] the belief that one sex is weaker, less intelligent, or less important than the other; or unfair treatment of people because of this belief: <br />• How can sexism be challenged? <br />sexist noun [countable] <br />sexist adjective: <br />• feminist objections to sexist language <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">women's rights</span> noun [plural] the right of women to have fair treatment and equal opportunities: <br />• a champion of women's rights <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">political correctness</span> noun [uncountable] the careful choosing of language and behaviour so that you do not offend or insult anyone - used especially when you think someone is too careful in what they say or how they behave: <br />• Such terms may be considered unacceptable in this age of political correctness. <br />politically correct/PC adjective: <br />• Publishers said they were under pressure from schools and libraries to be politically correct. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">political prisoner</span> noun [countable] someone who is in prison not because they have committed a crime, but because they have opposed or criticized the government of their own country: <br />• the use of torture on political prisoners</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row1"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Ikari</b></span></td> <td class="row1" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Wto 1:54, 27 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-weight: bold">2 global political issues</span></span> <br /> <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">geopolitics</span> noun [uncountable] ideas and activities relating to the way that a country's position, population etc affect its political development and its relationship with other countries, or the study of this: <br />• The effects of these changes in world geopolitics are of critical importance. <br />geopolitical adjective: <br />• There were strong geopolitical reasons, too, for ending the war. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">arms control </span>noun [uncountable] the attempts by powerful countries to limit the number and types of military weapons that exist: <br />• They had agreed to implement international arms control agreements. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">nuclear proliferation</span> noun [uncountable] an increase in the number of countries that have nuclear weapons: <br />• areas of the world where there is a risk of nuclear proliferation <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">the arms trade</span> noun [singular] the buying and selling of military weapons: <br />• The international arms trade has been growing steadily for the last few years. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">terrorism</span> noun [uncountable] the use of violence such as bombing, shooting, or kidnapping in order to make a government do something: <br />• The bombing was clearly an act of terrorism. <br />terrorist noun [countable]: <br />• Many are concerned about the possibility of nuclear material falling into the hands of terrorists. <br />• a wave of terrorist attacks <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">the War on Terror</span> noun [singular] the name given to the actions taken by the US, Britain, and other countries to destroy international terrorist groups after the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11th, 2001 <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">security</span> noun [uncountable] things that are done to keep a person, building, or country safe from danger or crime: <br />• The explosion caused officials to place many federal buildings on heightened security. (=doing more than usual to protect the buildings) <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">foreign policy</span> noun [uncountable and countable] the actions and plans of a government or leader which relate to their country's relations with other countries: <br />• He had been the driving force behind the shift in India's foreign policy. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">war</span> noun [uncountable and countable] a period of fighting between two or more countries or between opposing groups within a country, involving large numbers of soldiers and weapons: <br />• The collapse of the peace process brought the two countries perilously close to war. <br />• When the Bengalis attempted to form their own independent nation-state, a terrible civil war (=between groups within a country) resulted. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">conflict</span> noun [uncountable and countable] fighting or a war: <br />• The region has seen 20 years of armed conflict. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">genocide</span> noun [uncountable] the deliberate murder of a whole race of people or ethnic group: <br />• regimes that are committing gross human-rights violations such as genocide <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">ethnic cleansing</span> noun [uncountable] the action of forcing people to leave an area or country because of their racial or national group: <br />• The army was sent in to carry out a campaign of ethnic cleansing.</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row2"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Ikari</b></span></td> <td class="row2" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Wto 1:52, 27 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody">Topic Activator > Global issues <br /> <br /><span style="color: red"><span style="font-weight: bold">1 global economic issues <br /></span></span> <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">the world economy/the global economy</span> noun [singular] the economy of the world, seen as a whole: <br />• These countries are vulnerable to changes in the world economy. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">globalization</span> (also <span style="font-weight: bold">-isation </span>British English) noun [uncountable] the process of making something such as a business operate in a lot of different countries all around the world: <br />• The principal agents of economic globalization are huge business corporations. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">free trade</span> noun [uncountable] a situation in which the goods coming into or going out of a country are not controlled or taxed: <br />• Such policies might slow the growth of free trade in the world as a whole. <br /> <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">fair trade</span> noun [uncountable] the activity of making, buying, and selling goods in a way that is morally right, for example by making sure that international labour laws are obeyed, that the environment has not been damaged by making the goods, and that the people who grow or make a product have been paid a fair price for it: <br />• The report describes in detail all the benefits of fair trade. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">protectionism</span> noun [uncountable] when a government tries to help industries in its own country by putting a tax on foreign goods that come into the country: <br />• Farmers were among the fiercest supporters of protectionism. <br />protectionist adjective: <br />• protectionist measures <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">trade barriers</span> noun [plural] something such as a tax that makes trade between countries difficult: <br />• The removal of trade barriers will certainly mean increased traffic through the port. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">Third World debt</span> noun [uncountable] money owed by developing countries to richer countries: <br />• the government's pledge to cancel Third World debt <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">poverty</span> noun [uncountable] the situation or experience of being poor: <br />• Poverty is a major cause of poor health in children in this region. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">the rich/poor divide</span> the difference between the situations of rich people and poor people: <br />• Despite all our efforts, the rich/poor divide is still growing. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">the North/South divide</span> noun [singular] the difference between richer countries in the north (mainly in Europe, North America, and parts of East Asia) and some countries in the south (the poorer countries of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America) <br /> <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">sustainable development</span> noun [uncountable] economic development that is able to continue without causing damage to the environment: <br />• The document encourages all countries to move towards sustainable development. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">overconsumption</span> noun [uncountable] the act of using or buying too much of something: <br />• Overconsumption is fueling the economic boom, but at a heavy cost to the environment. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">multinational</span> noun [countable] a large company that has offices, factories etc in many different countries: <br />• attempts to regulate the global activities of multinationals <br />multinational adjective: <br />• a multinational oil company <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">child labour</span> British English, <span style="font-weight: bold">child labor</span> American English noun [uncountable] work done by children: <br />• a ban on goods produced by child labour <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">sweatshop</span> noun [countable] a small business, factory etc where people work hard in bad conditions for very little money: <br />• It is fast becoming a sweatshop economy based on cheap labour. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">corporate greed</span> noun [uncountable] the desire of large companies to make as much money as possible, without caring about the effects of their actions on people or the environment: <br />• Others blame the unemployment situation on corporate greed.</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row1"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Mautilius</b></span></td> <td class="row1" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Nie 15:26, 25 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody">a rzeczywiscie <img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/images/smiles/icon_wink.gif" alt="Wink" border="0" /> to teraz bedzie latwo zapamietac 2 ;p</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row2"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Ikari</b></span></td> <td class="row2" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Nie 14:05, 25 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody"><span style="font-weight: bold">shotgun wedding</span> <span style="color: green">(BrE)</span> <span style="font-weight: bold">shotgun marriage</span> <span style="color: green">(AmE)</span> <span style="color: olive">old-fashioned informal</span> <br />a wedding that has to take place immediately because the woman is going to have a baby <br /> <br />errata <img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/images/smiles/icon_wink.gif" alt="Wink" border="0" /></span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row1"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Mautilius</b></span></td> <td class="row1" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Nie 13:04, 25 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody">a mi sie ostatnio spodobało : <br />shotgun mariage -occurs when people get married becose of the coming baby ;] <br /> <br />it's called so becose bride's father could use it instead... ;]</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row2"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>))* EMKA *((</b></span></td> <td class="row2" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Nie 11:58, 25 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody">Skoro juz jesteśmy przy jedzeniu... <img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/images/smiles/icon_wink.gif" alt="Wink" border="0" /> <br />Wpadłam na coś takiego: <br /> <br /><span style="color: green"><span style="font-weight: bold">egg on your face</span></span> <br />if someone, especially someone in authority has egg on their face, they have done something wrong or embarrassing in a way that makes them look stupid <br /> <br /><span style="font-style: italic">Don't underestimate this club or you'll be left with egg on your face. I've got one of the best squads ever in the Premier League. <br /> <br />The government ended up with egg on its face when it was found to have withheld documents for political purposes.</span></span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row1"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Mautilius</b></span></td> <td class="row1" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Nie 11:48, 25 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody">a dzisiaj dowiedzialem sie co znaczy "kecz ap lif"!!! <br /> <br />- "z keczapem" <br /> <br />ah te phrasals <img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/images/smiles/icon_wink.gif" alt="Wink" border="0" /></span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row2"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Mr_3</b></span></td> <td class="row2" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Sob 13:27, 24 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody">też ładnie:D</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row1"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Mautilius</b></span></td> <td class="row1" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Sob 12:23, 24 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody">a kto KNOT</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row2"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Mr_3</b></span></td> <td class="row2" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Pią 16:48, 23 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody">Jakiś 'Gość' się wpisał. O jakichś profanacjach czy coś... Pogadamy po sesji. Wtedy zobaczymy kto jest HOT a kto NOT.</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row1"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Mr_3</b></span></td> <td class="row1" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Pią 0:36, 23 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody"><span style="font-weight: bold">DO NOT MAKE YOUR POST RATING HIGHER BY ANY MEANS...! THIS IS NOT A SPAM TOPIC...!</span> <img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/images/smiles/icon_razz.gif" alt="Razz" border="0" /> <img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/images/smiles/icon_biggrin.gif" alt="Very Happy" border="0" /></span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row2"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Mr_3</b></span></td> <td class="row2" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Pią 0:34, 23 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody"><span style="font-weight: bold">Monday</span> - the day between Sunday and Tuesday. <br /> <br />Some definitions from Longman are so thought-provoking...</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row1"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>Ikari</b></span></td> <td class="row1" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Pią 0:32, 23 Lis 2007<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-weight: bold">5 the study of language</span></span> <br /> <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">linguistics</span> noun [uncountable] the study of language in general and of particular languages, their structure, grammar, and history: <br />• He spoke at length on the relationship between linguistics and the study of literature. <br />linguistic adjective: <br />• The test may be based on out-of-date linguistic theories. <br />linguist noun [countable]: <br />• Some linguists are becoming quite bold in the grouping of languages. <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">phonetics</span> noun [uncountable] the study of speech sounds, including how they are produced <br />phonetic adjective <br />phonetician noun [countable] <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">phonology</span> noun [uncountable] the study of the system of speech sounds in a language <br />phonological adjective <br />phonologist noun [countable] <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">grammar</span> noun [uncountable] the study of the rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences or phrases: <br />• Gender is also a technical term in grammar, which may cause confusion. <br />grammatical adjective: <br />• The grammatical structure of a language does, of course, change, but this does not happen overnight. <br />grammarian noun [countable] <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">morphology</span> noun [uncountable] the study of the morphemes (=smallest units of meaning) of a language and of the way in which they are joined together to make words <br />morphological adjective <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">syntax</span> noun [uncountable] the study of the way words are combined to form sentences or phrases <br />syntactic adjective <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">semantics</span> noun [uncountable] the study of the meaning of words and phrases <br />semantic adjective <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">etymology</span> noun [uncountable] the study of the origins, history, and changing meanings of words <br />etymological adjective <br />etymologist noun [countable] <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">psycholinguistics</span> noun [uncountable] the study of psychological matters relating to the use, learning, and understanding of language <br />psycholinguistic adjective <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">sociolinguistics</span> noun [uncountable] the study of how social and cultural matters affect people's use of language <br />sociolinguistic adjective <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">orthography</span> noun [uncountable] the study of spelling <br />orthographic adjective <br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold">lexicography</span> noun [uncountable] the skill, practice, or profession of writing dictionaries <br />lexicographical adjective <br />lexicographer noun [countable]</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> </table>
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